Vaccines produce immunity to a specific disease. When you are immune to a disease, it means you can be exposed to it without becoming sick. Most vaccines are given by injection, but some are given by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

Cell therapy is the introduction of new and healthy cells to replace or repair damaged tissue or cells. This therapy can be used to treat cancers, autoimmune disease, infectious disease, spinal injuries, or to improve a weakened immune system.

Gene transfer is the introduction of new DNA into an existing cell to fix a problem in that cell. The goal is that gene transfer can treat complex diseases such as cancer or heart disease, and also some infectious diseases such as AIDS. The treatment can be given in several ways, for example as a shot, as an infusion, or by surgical implantation.